Overtourism dan Batas Daya Dukung Destinasi: Analisis Carrying Capacity Framework dan Rancangan Indonesia Destination Stewardship Framework
Keywords:
overtourism, carrying capacity, destination lifecycle, UU No. 18/2025, managed tourism, Indonesia Destination Stewardship FrameworkAbstract
Overtourism—fenomena ketika jumlah wisatawan melampaui kapasitas destinasi untuk menampung tanpa dampak negatif signifikan—telah menjadi tantangan krusial bagi destinasi matang global. Venice, Amsterdam, Dubrovnik, dan Kyoto mengadopsi instrumen manajemen restriktif yang progresif: Venice Access Fee yang diperluas dari 29 hari (2024) ke 60 hari (2026) dengan revenue €5 juta; Amsterdam dengan cap 20 juta overnight stays, ban hotel baru, dan rencana ban cruise ship total pada 2035; Dubrovnik dengan cap 2 cruise ships/hari dan maksimum 4.000 passengers; Kyoto dengan geisha district restrictions. Indonesia menghadapi tekanan overtourism yang serupa di destinasi-destinasi matang: Bali dengan ~15 juta kunjungan tahunan (domestik+internasional), Labuan Bajo dengan carrying capacity Pulau Padar yang terlampaui, Borobudur dengan batasan 1.200 pengunjung/hari yang diperkenalkan 2022, dan Raja Ampat dengan tekanan pada ekosistem karang. UU No. 18 Tahun 2025 menyebut daya dukung dalam asas dan prinsip (Pasal 2), tetapi tidak memberikan instrumen khusus untuk asesmen, monitoring, atau pengelolaan carrying capacity. Artikel ini mengevaluasi gap regulasi dan merumuskan rancangan Indonesia Destination Stewardship Framework (IDSF) melalui kerangka carrying capacity (Mathieson & Wall, 1982), destination lifecycle (Butler, 1980), dan overtourism studies (Milano, Novelli, & Cheer, 2019). Metodologi menggabungkan analisis dokumen kebijakan, benchmarking empat destinasi pembanding, dan evaluasi lima destinasi Indonesia dengan tekanan overtourism. Temuan menunjukkan tiga pola kritis: pertama, instrumen single-tool (sekadar entry fee atau sekadar caps) tidak efektif—semua destinasi sukses mengkombinasikan multiple instruments; kedua, carrying capacity bukan angka statis tetapi managed limitsyang memerlukan monitoring dan adjustment kontinyu; ketiga, instrumen restriktif harus dikombinasikan dengan diversifikasi geografis dan temporal untuk menghindari merusak ekonomi lokal. Artikel ini mengusulkan IDSF dengan lima komponen: (1) Carrying Capacity Assessment Protocol untuk destinasi prioritas; (2) Tiered Access Management dengan sistem booking dan fee; (3) Temporal dan Geographic Dispersion Strategy; (4) Destination Revenue Capping untuk mencegah ketergantungan berlebihan; (5) Crisis Response Mechanism untuk peak periods. Rancangan ini untuk integrasi dengan Pasal 7 (Quality Tourism) UU 18/2025 dan operasionalisasi melalui PP turunan.
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